Maxwell's Equations and Wave Mechanics

Complete Derivations

Each Maxwell equation has been fully derived from AAM pressure wave mechanics. Click on each derivation to see the complete mathematical proof and physical mechanism:

Supporting Analysis

These documents provide the foundational calculations that support the Maxwell equation derivations:

The Challenge

Key Question

Can Maxwell's four equations be rigorously derived from pressure wave propagation through atomic structures, with the dual valence cloud geometry and rotating nucleon dynamics providing the mechanical basis for all electromagnetic phenomena?

Specific Challenges

Maxwell's equations describe all classical electromagnetic phenomena. The AAM must derive each equation from first principles:

1. Faraday's Law: ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t

Challenge: Prove that changing pressure waves (affecting rotating nucleon orientations, which we measure as ∂B/∂t) mechanically induce changes in bonding shell configurations (which we measure as ∇ × E).

Mechanism needed:

• How do changing nucleon rotation rates/orientations affect bonding valence shells?
• What is the mechanical coupling between internal nucleons and outer bonding clouds?
• Why the negative sign (Lenz's law mechanically)?
• Why the curl relationship?

2. Ampere-Maxwell Law: ∇ × B = μ₀J + μ₀ε₀∂E/∂t

Challenge: Prove that current flow (J) and changing bonding shell configurations (∂E/∂t) both produce changes in rotating nucleon orientations (which we measure as ∇ × B).

Mechanism needed:

• Current term: How does orbitron flow through bonding shells align atoms and their rotating nucleons?
• Displacement current: How do changing bonding shell configurations torque internal nucleons?
• What is μ₀ in terms of nucleon rotational properties?
• What is ε₀ in terms of bonding cloud response properties?

3. Gauss's Law: ∇ · E = ρ/ε₀

Challenge: Prove that pressure wave coupling to bonding shells depends on matter density (nucleon distribution ρ).

4. No Magnetic Monopoles: ∇ · B = 0

Challenge: Prove that rotating nucleon patterns create closed orbital effects with no sources or sinks.

Quantitative Targets

1. Exact equation forms - No approximations, must match Maxwell's equations exactly
2. Correct constants - Derive μ₀ = 4π × 10^-7 H/m and ε₀ = 8.854 × 10^-12 F/m from atomic/aether properties
3. Wave equation emergence - Show that combining equations yields: ∇²E = μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t²
4. Speed of light - Prove c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) = √(K/ρ) from aether bulk modulus and density
5. Vector relationships - All curl and divergence operations must emerge naturally from geometry

Significance

If successful, this proves:

• Maxwell's equations are phenomenologically correct but ontologically incomplete
• E and B "fields" are measurement artifacts of atomic response to pressure waves
• Electromagnetic theory describes how matter responds to pressure waves, not independent field entities
• The 150-year aether paradox is solved - waves are longitudinal, not transverse
• All EM phenomena reduce to space, matter, and motion (Axiom 1)

Why This Matters

Foundation of All Electromagnetic Theory

Maxwell's equations are not just important - they are the foundation of classical electromagnetism:

• Radio, television, radar, wireless communication
• Optics, lasers, fiber optics
• Electric motors, generators, transformers
• Semiconductors, integrated circuits
• Electromagnetic radiation (light, X-rays, gamma rays)

Every single electromagnetic technology depends on Maxwell's equations being correct.

Current Status in Physics

Maxwell's equations are treated as fundamental laws of nature:

• They work with extraordinary precision
• They predicted electromagnetic waves before their discovery
• They unified electricity, magnetism, and light
• They form the classical foundation for quantum electrodynamics

But what ARE they describing?

Conventional physics says:

• E and B fields exist independently in vacuum
• They are self-propagating disturbances in space
• They are fundamental entities, not derivative phenomena
• Charges create fields, fields propagate, fields affect charges

Make-or-Break for Pressure Wave Theory

The pressure wave breakthrough solved the aether paradox by showing EM waves are longitudinal, not transverse. But this created a new requirement:

We must prove Maxwell's equations emerge from this framework.

If we cannot derive Maxwell's equations from pressure wave mechanics, the framework fails. If we can, it represents a revolutionary reinterpretation of electromagnetism.

What Conventional Physics Says

Maxwell's Equations as Field Equations

In conventional electromagnetism, Maxwell's four equations describe how electric and magnetic fields behave:

1. Gauss's Law: ∇ · E = ρ/ε₀

• Electric field lines diverge from positive charges
• Converge to negative charges
• Charge creates field

2. No Magnetic Monopoles: ∇ · B = 0

• Magnetic field lines form closed loops
• No magnetic charges exist
• Fields have no sources or sinks

3. Faraday's Law: ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t

• Changing magnetic field creates circulating electric field
• Basis for electromagnetic induction
• Explains generators, transformers

4. Ampere-Maxwell Law: ∇ × B = μ₀J + μ₀ε₀∂E/∂t

• Electric current creates circulating magnetic field
• Changing electric field creates circulating magnetic field (displacement current)
• Basis for electromagnets, motors

The Wave Equation

Combining Faraday's and Ampere-Maxwell laws produces the electromagnetic wave equation:

∇²E = μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t²

This predicts electromagnetic waves propagating at speed:

c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Maxwell's prediction of electromagnetic waves (1865) was confirmed by Hertz (1887), establishing light as electromagnetic radiation.

Ontological Status of Fields

What ARE electric and magnetic fields?

Conventional physics offers several interpretations:

• Classical: Fields are physical entities filling space
• Quantum: Fields are quantum operators, fundamental to QED
• Operational: Fields are whatever produces forces on charges

But there's deep ontological mystery:

• Do fields exist independently of charges?
• What is the medium for electromagnetic waves in vacuum?
• How do fields "know" to satisfy Maxwell's equations?

These questions remain philosophically unresolved in conventional physics.

What AAM Explains

The Core Reinterpretation

Conventional view: E and B fields are independent entities that propagate through space.

AAM view: E and B are measurement artifacts of how atomic structures respond to aether pressure waves.

Specifically:

• E-field = Measurement of bonding valence shell response (orbitron flow patterns)
• B-field = Measurement of rotating nucleon response (gyroscopic effects from aligned rotation)
• Pressure waves = Longitudinal compression/rarefaction waves in aether (like sound)
• Atoms act as filters/detectors = Their structure determines response

The Atomic Structure Required

For this reinterpretation to work, AAM explains the detailed atomic structure that responds to pressure waves. Based on Axiom 1 and Axiom 8, conductive/magnetic materials have:

1. Bonding Valence Cloud (Outermost)

• Largest radii valence shell
• Right size for chemical bonding between atoms
• Carries current through orbitron flow between atoms
• Responds to pressure waves by allowing orbitron motion
• This response is what we measure as E-field

2. Internal Rotating Nucleons (Protected, Deep)

• NOT a large cloud - two nucleons (or pairs) deep within atom
• Protected from external perturbations
• These nucleons are rotating
• Rotation establishes atom's angular momentum
• Act as gyroscopes for atomic orientation
• This rotation is what creates B-field when aligned

3. Geometric Relationship: Perpendicular

• Nucleon rotation axis defines one direction
• Bonding cloud orientation perpendicular to rotation axis
• This geometry explains why E and B are perpendicular
• Natural consequence of atomic structure, not mathematical coincidence

Proposed AAM Mechanism

Polarized vs. Non-Polarized Pressure Waves

Before explaining how atoms respond to pressure waves, we must clarify a critical distinction about the waves themselves.

Non-Polarized Waves (Natural Phenomena)

Sources: Sunlight, chemical reactions, thermal emission, most natural light

• Longitudinal pressure waves in aether
• No particular orientation
• Propagate with random wave plane orientations
• Can interact with atoms in any orientation

Polarized Waves (Directed Sources)

Sources: Antennas, aligned atomic transitions, filtered light

• Still longitudinal pressure waves in aether
• But propagate in a specific orientation
• Only affect atoms with planes aligned to wave orientation
• This makes them "seem" transverse - they're longitudinal but directional

Antenna Transmission: Converting Current to Waves

When AC current flows through an antenna:

1. Current oscillates at frequency f (e.g., 100 MHz for FM radio)
2. Orbitrons flow back and forth through bonding valence shells
3. At each instant, some density of atoms have aligned bonding shells
4. Aligned bonding shells mean atoms are oriented in similar directions
5. Oriented atoms have rotating nucleons with aligned rotation axes

Wave Generation Mechanism

Key insight: Wave amplitude is determined by the density of aligned atoms in the antenna at any given instant.

• At peak current: Maximum alignment → strong pressure disturbance → large wave amplitude
• At zero-crossing: Minimal alignment → weak pressure disturbance → low amplitude

Mathematical relationship: A_wave ∝ ρ_aligned ∝ I_antenna

Antenna Reception: Converting Waves to Current

This is where the dual structure (bonding cloud + rotating nucleons) becomes critical.

Phase 1: First Half-Cycle

1. Wave arrives - Polarized longitudinal pressure wave strikes antenna
2. Nucleon coupling - Wave's pressure oscillations create torque on rotating nucleons (gyroscopes)
3. Gyroscopic response - Torqued nucleons reorient, orienting entire atoms
4. Bonding shell alignment - As atoms orient, bonding shells align throughout antenna
5. Current flows - Aligned bonding shells allow coordinated orbitron flow

Phase 2: Second Half-Cycle

Opposite pressure pattern → nucleons reorient opposite → bonding shells flip → current reverses

Result: Oscillating current matches wave frequency → received signal matches transmitted signal

Why E and B Are Perpendicular

This is purely geometric, arising from atomic structure:

1. Current flows in one direction (through bonding shells) → defines E-field direction
2. Nucleon rotation axes align perpendicular to current → defines B-field direction
3. Wave propagates outward → perpendicular to both

The perpendicularity is not a mystery - it emerges from geometric constraint built into atomic structure.

The Alignment Cascade: Connecting E and B

The key to deriving Faraday's law and Ampere-Maxwell law is understanding the mechanical coupling between bonding shells and rotating nucleons.

Forward Cascade: Current Creates Magnetic Field

Current → Bonding Shell Alignment → Atomic Orientation → Nucleon Alignment → B-field

This explains the J term in Ampere-Maxwell law: ∇ × B = μ₀J + ...

Reverse Cascade: Changing B-Field Induces Current

Changing B-field → Nucleon Reorientation → Atomic Reorientation → Bonding Shell Changes → Current

This explains Faraday's law: ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t

The negative sign (Lenz's law) emerges because the induced current opposes the change - it's mechanical resistance to reorientation.

Current Status

What We've Accomplished

Major Breakthrough: G Scaling Explained

During derivation work, we discovered the physical origin of the empirical G scaling:

Empirical relationship: G_-1 = G₀ × k^5/6

Physical origin (SOLVED!):

• Nucleons are iron stars (settled to Fe-56, maximum binding energy)
• Density: 1.45 × 10⁸ kg/m³ (100,000× denser than Sun)
• Shadowing efficiency scales as ρ^4.38 (highly non-linear!)
• Combined: (k^0.19)^4.38 = k^0.83 ≈ k^5/6

Independent validation:

• Kepler with this G recovers proton mass within 0.4%
• White dwarf physics independently constrains radius

See complete derivation →

What Remains

Assessment

Connections to Other AAM Principles

Related Axioms

• Axiom 1: All phenomena as space, matter, motion. Light is wave motion in aether.
• Axiom 7: Energy as configuration and motion. EM energy as pressure wave amplitude.
• Axiom 8: Constant motion. Dual valence cloud structure explains electrical properties.

Related Topics

• EM Waves as Pressure Waves: Complete pressure wave theory that solves the aether paradox. This challenge builds directly on that foundation.
• Photoelectric Effect: Same atomic response mechanism - resonant coupling between waves and orbital structures.
• Hydrogen Spectral Analysis: Planetron orbital frequencies explain spectral lines - same structure responds to EM waves.
• Fundamental Constants: Derivation of μ₀ and ε₀ from He-4 structure - the quantitative completion of this challenge.

Reference Documentation

• Physical Constants and Measurements: Complete repository of all AAM-derived constants, including μ₀, ε₀, and scaling factors.

References

Foundational AAM Documents

• Axiom 1: All phenomena reducible to space, matter, and motion
• Axiom 8: Constancy of motion, dual valence cloud structure
• EM Waves as Pressure Waves: Complete pressure wave theory

Classical Electromagnetism References

• Maxwell, J.C. (1865). "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
• Hertz, H. (1888). "On the Finite Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Actions"
• Heaviside, O. (1893). "Electromagnetic Theory"
• Feynman, R.. "Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. II" - Excellent treatment of Maxwell's equations

Antenna Theory References

• Balanis, C.A. (2016). "Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design" (4th ed.)
• Kraus, J.D. (2002). "Antennas" (3rd ed.)

Stellar Evolution and White Dwarf Physics

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1931). "The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs"
• Koester, D. & Chanmugam, G. (1990). "Physics of White Dwarf Stars"
• Hansen, C.J. & Kawaler, S.D. (1994). "Stellar Interiors"